Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura de carnicerías y prevalencia de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga y Salmonella spp. aisladas en carne molida de carnicerías de Asunción, Paraguay

La inocuidad de la carne comercializada debe estar garantizada en la cadena de producción, para evitar enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA). Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) y Salmonella spp. pueden encontrarse en el tracto gastrointestinal de los bovinos y contaminar la carne de consumo humano, pudiendo causar enfermedades en el hombre. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de 52 carnicerías localizadas en Asunción y detectar la frecuencia de STEC y Salmonella spp. en muestras de carne molida. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias se evaluaron mediante la estimación del riesgo, utilizando una escala de clasificación por categorías. La detección de STEC y Salmonella spp. se realizó por PCR en tiempo real. En la evaluación inicial, se clasificaron a 33% de las carnicerías como de alto y moderado riesgo. Se detectó STEC no-O157 en un 50% (130/258) de las muestras y Salmonella spp. en un 11% (29/258). Se realizaron acciones de mejora. En la etapa post-intervención, no se detectaron carnicerías de alto riesgo. En el muestreo de seguimiento se detectó un 29% (66/237) de muestras positivas para STEC no-O157 y 7% (16 /237) para Salmonella spp. Este estudio permitió realizar recomendaciones específicas y detalladas a cada carnicería, lo que tuvo un efecto significativo en la mejora de sus condiciones. Esta situación resalta la importancia de continuar fortaleciendo la vigilancia multisectorial y multidisciplinaria. Es imperativo que los establecimientos que se dedican al rubro, implementen las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) como una medida para reducir los riesgos asociados.

The safety of marketed meat must be guaranteed in the production chain, to avoid foodborne illness. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and contaminate meat for human consumption, potentially causing diseases in humans. This work aimed to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of 52 butcher shops located in Asunción and detect the frequency of STEC and Salmonella spp. in ground beef samples. Hygienic-sanitary conditions were evaluated by estimating risk, using a categorical classification scale. The detection of STEC and Salmonella spp. was performed by real-time PCR. In the initial evaluation, 33% of the butcher shops were classified as high and moderate risk. STEC non-O157 was detected in 50% (130/258) of the samples and Salmonella spp. in 11% (29/258). Improvement actions were carried out. In the post-intervention stage, no high-risk butcher shops were detected. In the follow-up sampling, 29% (66/237) of positive samples were detected for STEC non-O157 and 7% (16/237) for Salmonella spp. This study allowed specific and detailed recommendations to be made to each butcher shop, which had a significant effect on improving their conditions. This situation highlights the importance of continuing to strengthen multisectoral and multidisciplinary surveillance. It is imperative that establishments dedicated to the sector implement Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as a measure to reduce associated risks.

Caracterización microbiológica de polen seco y congelado en Viracachá-Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar microbiológicamente el polen seco y congelado producido en el municipio de Viracachá-Boyacá. Materiales y métodos. A través de un estudio transversal descriptivo cuantitativo se tomaron muestras de 5 apiarios, cada uno con 10 colmenas, separando el polen en seco y congelado, determinando para cada muestra: aerobios mesófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito reductor y hongos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo a normatividades internacionales y se compararon con resultados de investigaciones en otros países. Resultados. Se encontraron coliformes totales y fecales en tres de los cinco apiarios evaluados y solo en muestras de polen seco. Además, en dos apiarios cuando se analizó polen seco se encontró Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados microbiológicos de la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran dentro de los rangos de algunas normatividades internacionales, sin embargo, los mejores resultados en cuanto a calidad microbiológica se determinaron para el polen congelado. Conclusiones. El proceso de congelamiento del polen ofrece ventajas relativas al mantenimiento de la calidad microbiológica en comparación con el proceso de secado. Se hace necesario evaluar la calidad microbiológica de ambos productos a través del tiempo de almacenamiento.

ABSTRACT Objective. Microbiologically characterize dry and frozen pollen produced in the municipality of Viracachá-Boyacá. Materials and methods. Through a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, samples from 5 apiaries were taken, each with 10 hives, separating the pollen dry and frozen, determining for each sample: mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfite reducer, and fungus. The data obtained were analyzed according to international regulations and compared with research results in other countries. Results. Total and fecal coliforms were found in three of the five apiaries evaluated and only in dried pollen samples. Also, in two apiaries when dry pollen was analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus was found. The microbiological results of most samples are within the ranges of some international regulations; however, the best results in terms of microbiological quality were determined for frozen pollen. Conclusions. The pollen freezing process offers advantages related to maintaining microbiological quality compared to the drying process. It is necessary to evaluate the microbiological quality of both products throughout the storage time.

Soybean (Glycine max L) seed quality treated with timbó (Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil) seed coat / Qualidade de sementes de soja (Glycine max L) tratadas com diasporo do tegumento de sementes de timbó (Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tegumento das sementes de timbó sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. As sementes de timbó foram coletadas de frutos maduros, no Cerrado. A camada mais externa do tegumento das sementes foi retirada e triturada em moinho e utilizada no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de soja, provenientes de sementes de alto, médio e baixo vigor. Os tratamentos foram: pó, gel, extrato hidroalcoólico; fungicida sintético (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc) e sementes não tratadas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja foi determinada pelo teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. Para a determinação da qualidade sanitária utilizou-se o teste de borrão (blotter test). O delineamento estatístico foi em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se três lotes de sementes e cinco tratamentos. Os tratamentos com o extrato e o gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja provenientes de lotes de baixo vigor. O tratamento com gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó diminuiu a incidência de fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Penicillium; e o tratamento com o pó reduziu a incidência do gênero Cercospora.(AU)

Calidad higiénico-sanitaria en plantas de faena de la provincia de Tucumán: Detección, aislamiento y caracterización de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga / Hygienic-sanitary quality in abattoirs from Tucuman province, Argentina: Detection, isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

Los bovinos son el principal reservorio de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC); las estrategias para evitar su transmisión se concentran en la planta de faena. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria y la frecuencia de detección de STEC en medias reses bovinas de frigoríficos de tránsito provincial. Se procesaron 274 esponjados de media res; en 9 (3,3%) el recuento de E. coli genérico fue marginal, en 4 (1,4%) se aisló E. coli O157, de los cuales 2 fueron caracterizados como stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA, y los otros 2 como no toxigénicos. A partir de una (0,4%) muestra se aisló E. coli no-O157 ONT:H49, stx2a/ehxA/saa. En este trabajo la calidad del producto analizado indica que en la provincia de Tucumán se cumplen las buenas prácticas de manufactura en la faena de bovinos.

Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and the strategies to prevent the transmission of these microorganisms are concentrated in the slaughtering plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary quality and the frequency of detection of STEC in beef carcasses in abattoirs from Tucuman province. Two hundred and seventy four beef carcass sponges were processed; the count of generic E. coli was marginal in 9 (3,3%) of them. Escherichia coli O157 was isolated in 4 (1,4%) samples; 2 of which were characterized as stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA whereas the other 2 were non-toxigenic strains. Non-O157 E. coli ONT:H49, stx2a/ehxA/saa was isolated from 1 sample (0,4%). In this work the quality of the analyzed product indicates that the good practices of manufacture are fulfilled in slaughtering facilities in Tucumán province.

Development and application of modified military water tank / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To improve the existing military water tank to prevent water pollution.Methods The modified water tank was composed of a lip,body,a floating ring filled with foam materials,a zipper,multi faucets,drain valve,rack and etc.The zipper on the top of the tank could close down the tank,the faucets at the lower part realized water supply,and the drain valve at the bottom discharged residual water.Results The dust,small animals and etc were prevented from going into the tank with the consumed water decreased,and the tank was easy to clean.Conclusion The tank contributes to military water supply at field conditions,and is worthy promoting practically.

Caracterização e quantificação da população de fungos em área de produção de feno de capim Tifton 85, adubado com biofertilizante suíno / Characterization and quantification of the population of fungi in area of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay fertilized with swine biofertilizer

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar e identificar a ocorrência dos principais gêneros de fungos, no solo, material vegetal morto, raiz e parte aérea no capim Tifton 85, adubado com biofertilizante suíno, 7 dias após o início da rebrota. As avaliações foram realizadas, durante seu desenvolvimento (15; 22; 29 e 36 dias após o início da rebrota), no momento do enfardamento e no feno, com 30 dias de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro locais de coleta no campo de produção de feno (solo, parte aérea da planta, raiz e material vegetal morto), e 6 tempos de avaliação para parte aérea da planta (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias início da rebrota, no momento do enfardamento e com 30 dias de armazenamento) e quatro tempos de avaliação para solo, raiz e material vegetal morto (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias após início da rebrota). Na contagem e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos referentes a cada parte da planta e solo, foram calculadas as médias e essas submetidas à análise descritiva. Uma maior população fúngica foi observada no material vegetal morto e solo, predominando o gênero Penicillium em todas as partes da planta estudadas.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to quantify and identify the occurrence of the main genres of fungi soil, dead plant material, roots and shoots in Tifton 85 fertilized with swine biofertilizer, 7 days after start of regrowth. The evaluation were carried out during development (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of age) at the time of baling, hay and 30 days of storage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots in time sub with 4 sampling sites (soil, plant tops, roots and dead plant material), and 6 times of evaluation for aerial part of the plant (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth, at the time of baling and 30 days of storage) and 4-cycle assessment for soil, roots and dead plant material (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth). In the counting and identification of genera of fungi belonging to each part of the plant and soil were averaged and those submitted to descriptive analysis. Greater fungal population was observed in soil and dead plant material, predominantly Penicillium in all parts of the plant studied.

Auditoria interna: ferramenta para subsidiar o planejamento de ações corretivas em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição hospitalar

A alimentação deve atender seus atributos de qualidade e ser inócua aos indivíduos que dela vão usufruir. Contudo, partindo da premissa de que os alimentos podem ser veículos de transmissão de micro-organismos e metabólitos microbianos, as unidades hospitalares responsáveis pela produção de alimentos merecem especial atenção. A implementação de programas de qualidade, tais como as Boas Práticas, são fundamentais para garantia de um alimento seguro para saúde. Entretanto, estes programas para obterem êxito no seu propósito, devem adotar ferramentas para avaliar sua eficácia. A auditoria interna é considerada um instrumento de apoio, pois através dela é possível detectar problemas e adotar medidas preventivas e corretivas. Com isto, este estudo teve como objetivo planejar ações corretivas a partir de não conformidades identificadas pelas auditorias interna em uma UAN hospitalar localizado no município de Maceió, AL. O estudo teve caráter retrospectivo, onde foram avaliadas 12 auditorias internas realizadas durante os meses de outubro/2011 a março/2012, avaliando-se os seguintes critérios: higiene pessoal, armazenamento de gêneros, higiene de alimentos, higiene de utensílios, equipamentos e ambiente. Baseando-se nos critérios pré-estabelecidos nas auditorias externas, foram estabelecidos como ponto de corte para implantação da ação corretiva, os pontos em que o percentual foi abaixo de 80%, visto que é objetivo da empresa manter a classificação superior a este percentual. Os resultados indicaram que os itens de higiene de equipamentos, ambiente e pessoal estiveram abaixo da porcentagem de 80% de conformidades. Dentre as não conformidades recorrentes nas auditorias destacam-se deficiência na higienização de equipamentos, frequência da higienização das mãos inadequadas e desorganização do ambiente de trabalho. As capacitações foram desenvolvidas focando nestas deficiências. Durante as atividades foi possível perceber uma integração entre os participantes...

Nourishment must meet their quality attributes and be innocuous to individuals who will make use of it. However, on the premise that food can be vehicles of transmission oi microorganisms and microbial metabolites, the hospital units responsible for producing food deserve special attention. The implementation of quality programs, as well as the Good Practices are primordial to ensure safe food for health. Meantime, for these programs to be successful in their purpose, evaluating measures must adopted to assess ther effectiveness. The internal audit is considered supporting tool, through it you can detect problems and take preventive and corrective measures. Thus, this work aimed to plan corrective actions to variances identified by internal audits in a hospital in Maceió city, AL (UAN). The work had a retrospective feature in which 12 internal audits were appraised from October/2011 to March/2012. The evaluated criteria was: personal hygiene, genres storage, food hygiene, cleanliness of utensils, equipment and environment. Based on predetermined criteria in external audits, the cutoff point for implantation of corrective action was established when the score was below 80%, since the company' s goal is to maintain a rating higher than this percentage. The results indicated that items of equipment hygiene, personal and environment hygiene were below the percentage of 80% compliance. Among the recurrent variances in audits, equipment hygiene deficiency, frequent inadequate cleanliness of hands and workplace disorganization are the most common. The trainings were developed focusing on these deficiencies. During activities the participants' integration and motivation to applicability of the transferred information were clearly noticeable. However, it is necessary constant supervision of the activities conducted by employees in that UAN as well as permanent training.

Casca de ovo como fonte de cálcio para humanos: composição mineral e análise microbiológica / Eggshell as calcium source for humans: mineral composition and microbiological analysis

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição mineral de diferentes tipos de cascas de ovo, bem como a segurança microbiológica de amostras submetidas a diferentes métodos de higienização. Para a obtenção do pó de casca de ovo, as cascas foram lavadas, higienizadas, secas em estufa e trituradas em moinho. Cascas de ovo de granja (criação confinada), de coloração branca e vermelha, e cascas de ovo coloniais (caipira), provenientes da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, foram comparadas quanto a sua composição mineral. O Ca, mineral predominante na casca de ovo, se manteve em concentrações semelhantes nas diferentes amostras (cerca de 365mg g-1). As cascas de ovo de granja apresentaram maior concentração de Mg e menor concentração de Sr que as cascas de ovo coloniais. Não foram encontradas quantidades significativas de Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Al, Cd e Pb nas amostras analisadas. Adicionalmente, tanto amostras higienizadas com imersão em hipoclorito e posterior fervura em água, quanto amostras nas quais a imersão em hipoclorito foi suprimida, não apresentaram contaminação por coliformes, estafilococos ou salmonela. Os resultados indicam que a casca de ovo pode ser utilizada na nutrição humana, já que é rica em Ca, não apresenta contaminação por metais tóxicos e, se processada de forma adequada, apresenta boa qualidade higiênico-sanitária.

This study aimed to evaluate the mineral composition of different kinds of eggshell, as well as the microbiological safety of samples submitted to different sanitization procedures. To obtain the eggshell powder, the shells were washed, sanitized, oven dried and grinded in a mill. White- and brown-colored eggshells from confined laying hens and eggshells from free-ranged laying hens from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul were compared for their mineral composition. Ca, the predominant mineral in eggshells, remained at similar concentrations in the different samples (approximately 365mg g-1). Eggshells from confined laying hens had higher Mg concentration and lower Sr concentration than the shells from free-ranged laying hens. No significant amounts of Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Al, Cd or Pb were found in the samples. Additionally, both samples that were sanitized by immersion in hypochlorite and subsequently boiled in water as well as samples in which hypochlorite immersion was suppressed did not show coliform, staphylococcus or salmonella contamination. The results indicate that eggshell can be used in human nutrition since it is rich Ca source, shows no contamination by toxic metals and has good sanitary quality when properly processed.

Sanitary Survey of Drinking Water Quality in Plateau State, Nigeria.

Background: Documented evidence confirmed that some infectious diseases are transmitted primarily through water contaminated with human and animal faeces. Developing countries suffer from more serious outbreaks of water borne diseases than other parts of the world. Some human pathogens associated with serious risk of diseases when consumed in contaminated water include; Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Rota virus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis E virus and Entamoeba histolytica among others. Aim: This study was carried out to assess the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in Plateau state, since shortage/absence of potable water, has forced inhabitants to depend on stream, well and tap water as source of drinking water. Methodology: In the present study, ten (10) samples including four (4) streams, three (3) tap and 3 well drinking water samples were analyzed in triplicates for the presence of bacterial indicators of water quality. Bacteriological Analysis was done using; The Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms per 100millilitres of the water samples. This was determined by the multiple tube fermentation technique. The presumptive coliform test procedure, Confirmatory Test for Faecal Coliform was also performed. Results: All the water samples from the study area were contaminated, as coliform detected, exceeded the permissible limit recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Conclusion: The findings therefore shows that all the water sources are not fit for human consumption and are hazardous to health, due to abnormal numbers of coliform count above the standard recommended by WHO. Hence there is a need for strict and routine monitoring of all the water sources in the study area with the view of raising their standards. In addition people should boil their water before consumption especially those using stream as their source of drinking water. Preventive public health measures should be reinforced among all communities’ particularly domestic animal handlers and pregnant women at all governmental levels. Potable water should be provided for all communities.

Sanitary quality, occurrence and identification of Staphylococcus sp: in food services

Sanitary conditions are essential for the production of meals and control of the presence of pathogensis important to guarantee the health of customers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary quality of food services by checking the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus sp. and evaluate the toxigenic potential from the latter. The analysis was performed on water, surfaces, equipment, ready-to-eat foods, hands and nasal cavity of handlers in seven food services. The water used in food services proved to be suitable for the production of meals. Most food, equipment and surfaces showed poor sanitary conditions due to the presence of thermotolerant coliforms (60.6%). Twenty-six Staphylococcus species were identified from the 121 Staphylococcus isolates tested. Staphylococci coagulase-negative species were predominant in the foods, equipment and surfaces. In food handlers and foods, the predominant species was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Twelve different genotypes were found after PCR for the classical enterotoxin genes. The seb gene (19.8%) was the most prevalent among all Staphylococcus sp. Both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed some of the genes of the enterotoxins tested. We conclude that there are hygienic and sanitary deficiencies in the food services analyzed. Although coagulase-positive Staphylococci have not been present in foods there is a wide dispersion of enterotoxigenic coagulase-negative Staphylococci in the environment and in the foods analyzed, indicating a risk to consumer health.

Sanidade e fisiologia de sementes de pimenta Cambuci Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum tratadas com extrato de Lippia microphylla / Health and physiology of seed peppers cambuci Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum treated with extract Lippia microphylla

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do extrato de Lippia microphylla no manejo da microflora em sementes de C. baccatum var. pendulum e a interferência deste produto na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Frutos de pimentas Cambuci foram beneficiados para o uso nos testes de sanidade e germinação.O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x6, sendo dois tratamentos para umedecimento do substrato (água destilada esterilizada - ADE e solução de nitrato de potássio - KNO3 a 0,02%) e seis tratamentos de desinfestação (ADE (Testemunha); Fungicida Captan; solução de hipoclorito de sódio - NaClO (50%); solução de extrato de L. microphyla a 0,03; 0,07 e 0,1%). As sementes foram imersas nos tratamentos por um período de 15 minutose dispostas em placas de Petri com camada dupla de papel filtro estéril, sendo as avaliações de qualidade sanitária realizadas aos sete dias após a incubação a partir de contagens (incidência). A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada através da semeadura em papel "germitest" esterilizado, avaliando-se germinação, comprimento, massa seca de plântulas e índice de velocidade de germinação. Todos os tratamentos aplicados às sementes foram eficientes no controle de Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp. e Aspergillus sp. A utilização do nitrato de potássio não influenciou na germinação, mas favoreceu o desenvolvimento de patógenos.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the extract of Lippia microphylla in the management of microflora in seeds of C. baccatum var. pendulum and the interference of this product in the physiological quality of seeds. Fruits peppers Cambuci benefited for use in health testing and germination. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x6 factorial arrangement, two treatments for substrate wetting (sterile distilled water - ADE and solution of potassium nitrate - KNO3 0.02%) and six disinfestation treatments (ADE (Witness); Fungicide Captan; solution of sodium hypochlorite - NaClO (50%); extract solution L. microphyla to 0.03, 0.07 and 0.1 %). Seeds were immersed in treatment for a period of 15 minuts anf arranged in Petri dishes with double layer of sterile filter paper, and the evaluations of sanitary quality was assessed in seven days after hatching from counts (incidence). The physiological seed quality was assessed by plating on paper "germitest" sterilized, evaluating germination, length, seedling dry weight and the speed of germination. All seed treatments used were effective in control of Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. The use of potassium nitrate had no effect on germination, but favored the development of pathogens.

Qualidade de leite e queijo de búfala artesanal, procedentes do arquipélago de Marajó, PA / Quality of artisanal buffalo milk and cheese from the Marajó archipelago, PA

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros preconizados na legislação sanitária vigente em relação aos caracteres sensoriais, propriedades físico-químicas e microbiológicas de leites e queijo de búfala provenientes de três municípios do Arquipélago do Marajó ­ PA, em amostras enviadas ao Laboratório Central do Estado do Pará - LACEN/ SESPA. As análises dos caracteres sensoriais compreenderam aspecto, cor, sabor e odor; para as análises físico-químicas foram determinados os níveis de umidade, lipídeo, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado, acidez titulável em graus Dornic e determinação da densidade a 15°C; as análises microbiológicas compreenderam pesquisa de Salmonella spp, determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes a 35°C e a 45°C, Contagem Padrão em Placas, contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Listeria monocytogenes.

The present study was to evaluate the parameters recommended by sanitary regulations legislation in relation to sensory character, the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of milk and cheese from three municipalities in the Marajó Archipelago ­ PA in samples sent to Laboratório Central do Estado do Pará - LACEN/SESPA. The analysis of sensory characteristics included appearance, color, taste and smell, for the physical-chemical analyses were determined the levels of humidity, fat, total solids, solids not fat, determination of acidity by the method Dornic and determination of density at 15°C; the microbiological analysis included Salmonella spp, determining the Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliforms at 35°C and 45°C coliforms, standard plate count, Staphylococcus coagulase-positive and Listeria monocytogenes.

Sanitary-hygienic and physical-structural conditions of meat in natura area of manipulation in the minimarkets of Recife (PE), Brazil / Condições higiênico-sanitárias e fisico-estruturais da área de manipulação de carne in natura em minimercados de Recife (PE), Brasil

According to the World Health Organization, more than 60% of cases of foodborne illnesses result from carelessness hygienic-sanitary handlers, inadequate processing techniques and disability care of the physical structure, fixtures and equipment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the sanitary conditions and physical-structural manipulation area of minimarkets traders fresh meat of District VI, Recife - (PE), Brazil. For this, 21 establishments were visited, assessed using a checklist based on the checklist contained in Board Resolution n 275/02 and the determinations of Board Resolution n 216/2004, both of the Ministry of Health. The 12 items of the checklist were divided into three blocks: Buildings and facilities; Equipment, furniture and fixtures; and Sanitation facilities, equipments, furniture and fixtures. It was observed that 80.95% (n = 17) of the establishments had low attendance to the items evaluated, 19.05% (n = 4) average attendance and that none of minimarkets got a high attendance. It"s necessary, therefore, better monitoring by officials of the Department of Health Surveillance, promoting adequacy of nonconforming items in order to ensure the provision of safe food to consumers.

De acordo com a Organizaçمo Mundial de Saْde, mais de 60% dos casos de doenças de origem alimentar decorrem do descuido higiênico-sanitلrio de manipuladores, das técnicas inadequadas de processamento e da deficiência de higiene da estrutura fيsica, de utensيlios e equipamentos. Com isso, este estudo objetivou avaliar as condiçُes higiênico-sanitلrias e fيsico-estruturais da لrea de manipulaçمo de minimercados comercializadores de carnes in natura do Distrito VI de Recife (PE), Brasil. Para isso, foram visitados 21 estabelecimentos, averiguados por meio de um check-list baseado na lista de verificaçمo contida na Resoluçمo de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) n 275/02 e nas determinaçُes da RDC n 216/2004, ambas do Ministério da Saْde. Os 12 itens do check-list foram divididos em três blocos: Edificaçُes e instalaçُes; Equipamentos, mَveis e utensيlios; e Higienizaçمo de instalaçُes, equipamentos, mَveis e utensيlios. Observou-se que 80,95% (n = 17) dos estabelecimentos apresentaram baixo atendimento aos itens avaliados, 19,05% (n = 4) médio atendimento e nenhum dos minimercados conseguiu um alto atendimento. Faz-se necessلrio, portanto, melhor acompanhamento pelos funcionلrios do Serviço de Vigilância Sanitلria, promovendo a adequaçمo dos itens nمo conformes a fim de garantir a oferta de alimentos seguros aos consumidores.

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária de pontos de venda e análise microbiológica de alimentos de rua comercializados no campus Umuarama da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia / Sanitary-hygienic quality of sale points and microbiological analysis of street food sold in the Umuarama campus of the Federal University of Uberlândia

Avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias de pontos de venda (PV) e analisar a qualidade microbiológica de alimentos de rua comercializados por vendedores ambulantes localizados no Campus Umuarama, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foram investigados no estudo os PV de dez vendedores ambulantes e amostras de alimentos de rua por eles comercializadas. Uma ficha de inspeção higiênico-sanitária (FIHS) foi aplicada nos PV de alimentos antes e três meses após realização de capacitação em boas práticas de fabricação (BPF) de alimentos para os vendedores ambulantes. Alimentos de rua adquiridos nos PV investigados foram analisados para coliformes totais e fecais e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Na primeira aplicação da FIHS, 9/10 PV inspecionados foram classificados como ruim (<50% de itens em adequação); um PV apresentou classificação regular (51-75% de adequação), e nenhum PV foi classificado como bom (>75% adequação). Na segunda aplicação da FIHS, 4/10 PV foram classificados como regular, e seis PV continuaram sendo classificados como ruim. Nenhum PV foi classificado como bom. Todas as amostras de alimentos apresentaram contagem de coliformes totais e fecais <3NMP/g de alimento e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva <10UFC/g, ou seja, valores abaixo da faixa de referência dos métodos. Apesar da inadequação higiênico-sanitária dos PV, a prática de rápida comercialização adotada pelos manipuladores dificultou a contaminação microbiológica dos alimentos de rua. Em adição, independentemente do nível de escolaridade e da condição sócioeconômica dos manipuladores, a capacitação em BPF melhorou a condição higiênico-sanitária dos PV, contribuindo para a segurança alimentar e nutricional dos usuários.

To assess the hygienic-sanitary conditions of selling points (SP) and analyze the microbiological quality of street foods sold by street vendors located in the Campus Umuarama, Federal University of Uberlândia. Ten SP of hawkers and street food samples marketed by them, were investigated in the study. A hygienic-sanitary inspection questionnaire (HSIQ) was applied to the food SP before and three months after training course of good manufacturing practices (GMP) for food hawkers. The street foods purchased were analyzed for total and fecal coliforms and Staphylococcus coagulase positive. In the first application of HSIQ, 9/10 SP inspected were classified as poor (<50% of items in adequacy), one SP presented regular classification (51-75% adequacy), and no SP was classified as good (>75 % adequacy). In the second application of the HSIQ, 4/10 SP were classified as regular, and six SP remained classified as poor. No SP was classified as good. All food samples had counts of total and fecal coliforms <3NMP/g food and Staphylococcus coagulase positive <10UFC/g, in other words, values below the reference range of methods. Despite the hygienic-sanitary inadequacy of SP, the practice of rapid sales adopted by food handlers in SP difficult microbiological contamination of street foods. In addition, regardless of education level and socioeconomic status of food handlers, GMP training improved hygienic-sanitary condition of SP, contributing to food security and nutrition of the users.

Calidad sanitaria del río Yumurí para uso recreativo y pesquero, desde septiembre 1998 al 2009 / Sanitary quality of the Yumuri River for fishing and recreational usage, from September 1990 to 2009

El río Yumurí es uno de los tres ríos más importantes de la ciudad de Matanzas. De menos longitud y caudal que los otros dos, el río separa los barrios de Versalles y Matanzas, sin embargo, la belleza natural del paisaje se ve empañada por las condiciones higiénico-ambientales de sus márgenes y el vertimiento de residuales, a lo largo de su cauce, desde su nacimiento a la desembocadura. Tiene múltiples fuentes contaminantes, debido a la acción del hombre, y los asentamientos humanos; por lo que la investigación objeto de este trabajo es de tipo descriptiva, enmarcada en un período de tiempo comprendido entre septiembre de 1998 y diciembre de 2009. Se hizo un estudio de los parámetros físico-químicos y bacteriológicos que puedan estar afectados para la utilización de sus aguas para uso recreativo y pesquero en 4 sitios de muestreo a lo largo de su cauce. Se encontró que los resultados obtenidos del número más probable de coliformes totales y el número más probable de coliformes fecales invalidan al río a todo lo largo de su corriente para ser utilizado con fines recreativos como contacto directo e indirecto. Respecto a la utilización para uso pesquero, los valores más negativos físico-químicos se reportaron el 25 por ciento en el puente Watkins y el 19 por ciento en el puente peatonal. Los valores medios de nitrógeno amoniacal también presentaron una calidad dudosa para la pesca en estos dos sitios de muestreo.

The Yumuri river is one of the three most important rivers of Matanzas. Shorter and with less flow than the other two, the river divides the quarters of Versalles and Matanzas , but the natural beauty of the scenery is blurred by the hygienic-environmental status of its sides and the residues dumping alongside it, from its source to its mouth. It has many polluting sources, due to the people´s action, and the human settlements; so the research done is a descriptive one, during the period from September 1998 to December 2009. We studied the physic-chemical parameters that may have a negative effect on the recreational and fishing usage of its waters in four sampling places alongside the river bed. The obtained results showed that the most probable number of total coliforms and the most probable number of fecal coliforms invalidate the usage of the river all along its course with a recreational objective, for direct or indirect contact. Respecting the fishing usage, the most negative physic-chemical values were reported at the Watkins Bridge, 25 per cent, and at the pedestrian bridge, 19 per cent. The media values of the ammoniacal nitrogen also had a doubtful quality for fishing in these two sampling places.

Viabilidade de Staphylococcus aureus FRI S-6 e produção de SEB em queijo elaborado com adição de Lactobacillus rhamnosus e Lactococcus lactis / Staphylococcus aureus FRI S-6 viability and its SEB production in cheese produced with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactococcus lactis

Staphylococcus aureus foi inoculado em queijos produzidos de forma estéril em laboratório, juntamente com Lactobacillus rhamnosus e Lactococcus lactis, isolados de queijo de coalho artesanal e identificados por PCR-ARDRA16S-23S. L. lactis foi capaz de reduzir a contagem de S. aureus no primeiro dia após produção (P<0,05) dos queijos de 3,3x10(7)UFC/g para 1,0x10(7)UFC/g. L. rhamnosus não impediu o crescimento de S. aureus. A presença das cepas acidoláticas, principalmente L. lactis, mostrou ainda potencial de inibição da produção de enterotoxina estafilocócica do tipo B, sendo que a concentração de enterotoxinas no 15° dia foi inferior ao limite de detecção pelo kit comercial utilizado. Concluiu-se que a presença das bactérias acidoláticas estudadas pode contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade sanitária de queijos artesanais.

Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated in cheese elaborated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactococcus lactis, produced in a sterile lab, previously isolated from Brazilian coalho artisanal cheese and identified by PCR-ARDRA16S-23S. L. lactis was able to reduce the staphylococcal count on the first day after cheese production (P<0.05) from 3.33x10(7)CFU/g to 1.0x10(7)CFU/g. L. rhamnosus did not inhibit S. aureus growth. The presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly L. lactis, also showed evidences of inhibition of the enterotoxin B production, and the staphylococcal enterotoxins concentration on the 15th day was lower than the commercial kit threshold. Hence, the studied LAB may contribute to the sanitary quality of artisanal cheeses.

Indicadores de calidad sanitaria y fenotipificación de Salmonella enterica aislada de pollo crudo comercializado en el área urbana de Mérida, Venezuela / Sanitary quality indicators and phenotyping of Salmonella enterica isolated from raw chickens marketed in urban area of Mérida, Venezuela

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad sanitaria del pollo crudo que se expende en supermercados del área urbana del estado Mérida, Venezuela, y caracterizar fenotípicamente las cepas aisladas de Samonella enterica. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron 45 muestras de pollo crudo (15 correspondieron a pollo sin aliños, 15 con aliños y 15 de origen industrial). Los indicadores de calidad sanitaria evaluados fueron: bacterias aerobias mesófilas, coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus, utilizando la metodología de la Comisión Venezolana de Normas Industriales. La identificación microbiológica y serológica de Salmonella spp. se realizó mediante técnicas convencionales. La sensibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó por concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) y, para la detección de β-lactamasas de espectro expandido (BLEE), se utilizó la prueba del sinergismo del doble disco. La sensibilidad a desinfectantes se determinó por el método de dilución-neutralización. Resultados: Independientemente de las características de la muestra de pollo crudo (no industrial) y del establecimiento comercial, los indicadores: bacterias aerobias mesófilas, coliforme totales, E. coli y S. aureus, superaron significativamente los recuentos límites de aceptabilidad. Salmonella enterica se aisló en 20% de las muestras, y las serovariedades Heidelberg (55,6%) y Enteritidis (22,2%) fueron las más frecuentes. Estas variedades serológicas presentaron multirresistencia y producción de BLEE, pero fueron sensibles a los desinfectantes probados. Conclusión: Los pollos crudos con aliños y sin ellos, manufacturados en los establecimientos estudiados, no cumplen con la calidad microbiológica adecuada, lo que hace de ellos un producto perecedero a corto plazo y un nicho favorecedor de patógenos importantes que amenazan la salud de los consumidores.

Objectives: Evaluate the sanitary quality of raw chicken sold in the urban area of the State of Merida, Venezuela and characterize the phenotype of isolated Samonella enterica strains. Materials and methods: A total of 45 raw chicken samples were studied; 15 of them were without seasoning, 15 were with seasoning, and 15 were industrially processed. The following sanitary quality indicators were assessed: Mesophiles Aerobic Bacteria (MAB), total coliforms, E. coli and S. aureus, and the Venezuelan Commission of Industrial Norms methodology was used for that purpose. Microbiological and serological identification of Salmonella was carried out using conventional techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the detection of extended-spectrum β- lactamases (ESBLs) was carried out by using the double disc synergy test. Susceptibility to disinfectants was determined by the dilution-neutralization method. Results. Regardless of the (not industrial) samples’ characteristics and/or the commercial establishment, it was determined that the ranges for MAB, total coliform, E. coli and S. aureus counts significantly exceeded limits of acceptability. Strains of Salmonella enterica were isolated in 20% of the samples, whose distribution showed that serovars Heidelberg (55.6%) and Enteritidis (22.2%) were the most frequent. These serovars showed multi-resistance to antibiotics and ESBLs production but were susceptible to the tested disinfectants. Conclusion. This study showed that raw chickens, with and without seasoning, processed in the surveyed commercial establishments do not meet the required microbiological quality standards suitable for human consumption. Therefore, these are short-term perishable products and a haven for important pathogens that threaten consumer health.

Contaminação de sementes de amendoim, inoculadas por Aspergillus secção Flavi, influenciada pelo genótipo, pela área de cultivo e pelos isolados / Contamination of peanut seeds inoculated with Aspergillus section Flavi affected by genotype, cultivation area and isolate

O amendoim pode ser contaminado por Aspergillus secção Flavi no solo, antes da colheita, como após a colheita, na secagem e no armazenamento. O crescimento desses fungos pode reduzir a germinação e causar morte do embrião. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a contaminação das sementes de amendoim inoculadas por A. secção Flavi, sob influência de diferentes genótipos produzidos em áreas de cultivo com e sem calagem e de distintos isolados utilizados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial: 3 (genótipos: IAC 22, BR 1 e Caiapó) x 4 (tratamentos: sem inoculação e três isolados de A. secção Flavi) x 2 (áreas de cultivo: com e sem calagem), com quatro repetições. A. secção Flavi não reduziu a porcentagem de plântulas normais sadias provenientes de sementes inoculadas dos diferentes genótipos de amendoim. As sementes de amendoim do genótipo IAC 22, produzidas em área com calagem promoveram a obtenção de menor porcentagem de plântulas anormais deterioradas.

Peanut can be contaminated by Aspergillus section Flavi in the soil before harvest and during drying and storage. The growth of this fungus can reduce germination and cause the death of the embryo. The objective of this work was to evaluate the contamination in peanut seeds inoculated with A. section Flavi influence by genotype, cultivated area and isolate. The experimental design was a 3 (genotypes: IAC 22, BR 1 and Caiapó) x 4 (treatments: without inoculation and three isolates of A. section Flavi) x 2 (cultivated areas: with or without liming) factorial, with four replicates, in a completely randomized experimental design. A. section Flavi did not reduce the percentage of healthy normal seedlings originated from the inoculated seeds of the different peanut types. Peanut seeds of genotype IAC 22 that were produced in an area with liming generated a smaller amount of abnormal seedlings.

Calidad microbiológica en frutas de conchas comestibles expendidas en mercados populares de los municipios Valencia y San Diego, estado Carabobo, Venezuela / Microbiological quality of fruits that have edible peels sold at popular markets of the Valencia and San Diego Municipalities, Carabobo State, Venezuela

Las frutas constituyen un grupo de nutrientes indispensables para la salud y bienestar del individuo. Se evaluó la calidad microbiológica en frutas de concha comestible (fresas, guayabas y duraznos) expendidas en mercados populares de Valencia y San Diego, estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Se determinó el número de UFC/g de mesófilos aerobios (MA), coliformes totales y fecales (CT, CF) y Salmonella spp. según Normas COVENIN. La mayoría de los recuentos obtenidos de MA fueron elevados en la mayoría de las frutas. Los niveles de contaminación por estos microorganismos se encontraron entre 1,4x10(5) y 6,6x10(10) UFC/g. Los recuentos encontrados para CT generalmente resultaron inferiores a los obtenidos para los MA, y se encontraron en un rango de 2,6x10³ a 7,2 x 10(10) UFC/g. No se detectó la presencia de CF y de Salmonella spp., en las muestras evaluadas. De las frutas analizadas las fresas fueron las que presentaron el mayor grado de contaminación microbiológica tanto por MA como CT. La ausencia de CF y Salmonella spp. sugiere que las condiciones a las cuales fueron sometidas las frutas durante el período de pre y postcosecha, estuvieron aparentemente dentro los límites permisibles de calidad sanitaria.

Fruits constitute a group of indispensable nutrients for the health and wellbeing of individuals. We evaluated the microbiological quality of fruits with edible peels (strawberries, guavas and peaches) sold at popular markets in Valencia and San Diego, Carabobo State, Venezuela. We determined the number of CFU/g of mesophilic aerobics (MA), total and fecal coliforms (TC, FC) and Salmonella spp. according to COVENIN guidelines. Most of the MA counts obtained were high in most fruits. The contamination levels by these microorganisms were found to be between 1.4x10(5) and 6.6x10(10) CFU/g. The counts found for TC were generally lower than those for MA, and occurred in amounts of between 2.6x10³ and 7.2x10(10) CFU/g. The presence of FC and Salmonella spp. was not detected in the samples evaluated. Of the fruits studied, strawberries were the ones which showed the highest microbiological contamination degree both by MA and TC. The absence of TC and Salmonella spp. suggests that the conditions to which the fruits were submitted during the pre and post harvest period apparently were within the permissible limits of sanitary quality.

Qualidade das sementes de diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas no norte de Minas Gerais / Quality of the seeds of different genotypes of chickpea produced in the north of Minas Gerais

A expansão das áreas para o cultivo de grão-de-bico depende da produção de sementes detentoras de qualidade superior. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as principais características físicas, fisiológicas e sanitárias em sementes de seis genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas em Montes Claros, Norte de Minas Gerias. As variáveis analisadas foram o grau de umidade, a pureza física, a massa de mil sementes, a uniformidade, a porcentagem de germinação, a primeira contagem do teste de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, a massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas e a ocorrência de microrganismos e de pragas de armazenamento nas sementes. A qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes foi afetada pelos diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico analisados. As variações quanto à qualidade física das sementes entre os genótipos de grão-de-bico não estão relacionadas à qualidade fisiológica e sanitária destas. De maneira geral, as sementes do genótipo CNPH 08-04 apresentaram qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária superior à qualidade das sementes dos demais genótipos.

The expansion of the areas for chickpea culture depends on the production of seeds of superior quality. In this study, it was evaluated the main physical, physiological and sanitary characteristics in seeds of six genotypes of chickpea produced in Montes Claros, North of Minas Gerais. The analyzed variables were the moisture content, the physical purity, the mass of a thousand seeds, the uniformity, the percentage of germination, the first count of the test germination, the rate of speed germination and emergency, the dry mass of the aerial part of the seedling and the occurrence of microorganisms and plagues in seed storage. The physical, physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds was affected by different genotypes of the chickpea analyzed. The variations in relation to the physical quality of the seeds between the genotypes of chickpea are not related to sanitary and physiological quality of them. In general, the seeds of genotype CNPH 08-04 showed physical, physiological and sanitary superior quality in relation to the seeds of other genotypes.